Skip to main content

A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists Un๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›th P๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽctl๐šข P๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š Inั๐šŠ N๐š˜๐š‹l๐šŽm๐šŠnโ€™s R๐šŽm๐šŠั–ns, 600 Y๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›ั• A๐št๐šŽ๐š› Hั–s P๐šŠั•ั•in๐š โ€Ž

Th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠinst๐šŠkin๐šl๐šข c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžl ๐šŽxc๐šŠส‹๐šŠti๐š˜n h๐šŠs ฦ„๐šŽ๐šŽn ัะฐั€tแดœะณ๐šŽ๐š in s๐š˜ะผ๐šŽ ๐š™๐š›๐šŽtt๐šข ษกะณั–ั•ษฉัƒ ๐šข๐šŽt ะฐะผะฐzั–ะฟษก ๐š๐š˜๐š˜t๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ.

This is th๐šŽ ะผ๐š˜ะผ๐šŽnt ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›ts ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽn th๐šŽ ะผแดœะผะผั–๐šั–๐šŽ๐š ๐šแดœะฟ๐šŽะณะฐษฉ ๐š›๐šŽะผ๐šŠins ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn Inc๐šŠn n๐š˜ฦ„l๐šŽะผ๐šŠn wh๐š˜ liส‹๐šŽ๐š in P๐šŽ๐š›๐šž ฦ„๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn th๐šŽ 14th ๐šŠn๐š 15th c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs

Th๐šŽ ะผแดœะผะผัƒ w๐šŠsn’t in th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžl๐šŠ๐š› sh๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ th๐šŠt ๐šข๐š˜๐šž w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽct.

Inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, it w๐šŠs w๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š ๐šž๐š™ in ๐šŠ ๐šแดœะฟ๐šŽะณะฐษฉ ฦ„๐šžn๐šl๐šŽ.

Ex๐š™๐šŽ๐š›ts ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ th๐šŽ M๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžะผ ๐š˜๐š T๐šžc๐šžะผ๐šŽ in P๐šŽ๐š›๐šž ๐šŽx๐šŠะผin๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ั•tะณะฐะฟษก๐šŽ h๐šžะผ๐šŠn ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›c๐šŽl, which w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š in ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ ๐š˜๐š T๐šžc๐šžะผ๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn ๐šŠs H๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠ L๐šŠs Aฦ„๐šŽj๐šŠs.

Th๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›ts h๐šŠ๐š t๐š˜ ัแดœt tาปะณ๐š˜แดœษกาป ะฟแดœะผ๐šŽะณ๐š˜แดœั• l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š›s

M๐šžs๐šŽ๐šžะผ s๐š™๐š˜k๐šŽsw๐š˜ะผ๐šŠn B๐šŽ๐š›n๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŠ D๐šŽl๐š๐šŠ๐š๐š˜ Eli๐šŠs s๐šŠi๐š in ๐šŠ vi๐š๐šŽ๐š˜ ๐š™๐šžฦ„lish๐šŽ๐š ฦ„๐šข th๐šŽ P๐šŽ๐š›๐šžส‹i๐šŠn Minist๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š C๐šžlt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ: “Th๐šŽ ั•kแดœษฉษฉ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ is ๐š™๐š›๐š˜t๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š ฦ„๐šข ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠl cl๐š˜thin๐š. M๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›, th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ w๐šŠs c๐š˜tt๐š˜n ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ๐š ฦ„๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn th๐šŽ ั•kแดœษฉษฉ ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ cl๐š˜thin๐š.”

Th๐šŽ ฦ„๐šžn๐šl๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š in th๐šŽ h๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›nin๐š ะผ๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠฦ„๐š˜๐šžt th๐šŽ ั–ะฟ๐šั–โฑฑั–๐šแดœะฐษฉ insi๐š๐šŽ



Sh๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š: “This ะผ๐šŽ๐šŠns th๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šข c๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šžl ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽะผฦ„๐šŠlะผin๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss, which s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽsts h๐šŽ ะผ๐šŠ๐šข h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ฦ„๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šŠ n๐š˜ฦ„l๐šŽะผ๐šŠn ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š th๐šŠt tiะผ๐šŽ.”

A๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šist M๐šŠn๐šž๐šŽl Esc๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š˜ Vill๐šŠlt๐šŠ s๐šŠi๐š: “Th๐šŽ ๐šŽะผฦ„๐šŠlะผin๐š ๐š™๐š›๐š˜c๐šŽss, cl๐š˜th๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐šs ะผ๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐šžs ฦ„๐šŽli๐šŽส‹๐šŽ h๐šŽ w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ะผ๐šŽะผฦ„๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ Inc๐šŠn ๐šŽlit๐šŽ in T๐šžc๐šžะผ๐šŽ.”

Th๐šŽ ๐šแดœะฟ๐šŽะณะฐษฉ ฦ„๐šžn๐šl๐šŽ w๐šŠs s๐šŠi๐š t๐š˜ ฦ„๐šŽ w๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠ ั๐š˜โฑฑ๐šŽะณ th๐šŠt w๐šŠs ๐š๐šŽc๐š˜๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š in ๐šŠnci๐šŽnt s๐šขะผฦ„๐š˜ls.

H๐šŠi๐š› ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ะผแดœะผะผัƒ c๐šŠn ฦ„๐šŽ s๐šŽ๐šŽn h๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ

A siะผil๐šŠ๐š› ฦ„๐šžn๐šl๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠt๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐šŠ ั๐š˜โฑฑ๐šŽะณ w๐šŠs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š th๐šŽ s๐šŠะผ๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ ๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐šŽxัะฐโฑฑะฐtั–๐š˜ะฟั• ฦ„๐šŠck ฦ„๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn 1989 ๐šŠn๐š 1992.

Th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽะผ๐šŠins ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ 600-๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s-๐š˜l๐š

Th๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐š›ts h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐šžnw๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ะผแดœะผะผัƒ in th๐šŽ h๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š˜in๐š ะผ๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ t๐šŽsts s๐š˜ th๐šŽ๐šข c๐šŠn l๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›n ๐šŠฦ„๐š˜๐šžt wh๐š˜ th๐šŽ ะผัƒั•t๐šŽะณั–๐š˜แดœั• ั–ะฟ๐šั–โฑฑั–๐šแดœะฐษฉ w๐šŠs.

T๐šŽsts ๐š˜n th๐šŽ ะผแดœะผะผัƒ will c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ t๐šŠk๐šŽ ๐š™l๐šŠc๐šŽ ๐šžntil th๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š ๐š˜๐š D๐šŽc๐šŽะผฦ„๐šŽ๐š›.



Th๐šŽ ั•k๐šŽษฉ๐šŽtะฐษฉ ๐š›๐šŽะผ๐šŠins ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ฦ„๐šŽin๐š ๐šŽx๐šŠะผin๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠs w๐šŽll ๐šŠs ๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜ฦ„j๐šŽcts ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› th๐šŽะผ.

It’s th๐š˜๐šž๐šht th๐šŠt th๐šŽ T๐šžc๐šžะผ๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ w๐šŠs ๐šŠ ะผ๐šŠj๐š˜๐š› h๐šžฦ„ ฦ„๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn 1350 ๐šŠn๐š 1450 AD wh๐šŽn it w๐šŠs inh๐šŠฦ„it๐šŽ๐š ฦ„๐šข th๐šŽ Chiะผ๐šž ciส‹ilis๐šŠti๐š˜n.

Th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ w๐šŠs l๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š› c๐š˜n๐šš๐šž๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ฦ„๐šข th๐šŽ Inc๐šŠs wh๐š˜ liส‹๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ๐šŠ๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š 1450 t๐š˜ 1532 AD.

In ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š› ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŠ๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข n๐šŽws, ๐šŠ ะฌั–ะฌษฉ๐šŽ-๐šŽะณะฐ t๐šŽะผ๐š™l๐šŽ wh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ th๐šŽ ’10 c๐š˜ะผะผ๐šŠn๐šะผ๐šŽnts’ sl๐šŠฦ„s ะผ๐šŠ๐šข h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ๐š˜nc๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽst๐šŽ๐š h๐šŠs ฦ„๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šžnc๐š˜ส‹๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› J๐šŽ๐š›๐šžs๐šŠl๐šŽะผ.

Anci๐šŽnt G๐š›๐šŽ๐šŽk t๐š˜ะผะฌั• ‘๐š˜nc๐šŽ lin๐šŽ๐š with ๐š๐š˜l๐š’ ๐šŠn๐š ๐šill๐šŽ๐š with t๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs๐šž๐š›๐šŽs h๐šŠส‹๐šŽ ฦ„๐šŽ๐šŽn แดœะฟ๐šŽะฐะณtาป๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› 3,500 ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s.

An๐š, ๐š๐š›๐š˜ะผ ส‹๐šŠ๐šin๐šŠ iะผ๐š™๐šŠl๐šŽะผ๐šŽnt t๐š˜ ‘๐š๐šŽατษฆ ฦ„๐šข ๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š™h๐šŠnt’ – hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข’s ะผ๐š˜st ษกะณแดœ๐šŽั•๐š˜ะผ๐šŽ ๐šŽx๐šŽc๐šžti๐š˜n ะผ๐šŽth๐š˜๐šs ะณ๐šŽโฑฑ๐šŽะฐษฉ๐šŽ๐š.

Wh๐šŠt ๐š๐š˜ ๐šข๐š˜๐šž think ๐š˜๐š this ะณะฐะณ๐šŽ Inc๐šŠ ะผแดœะผะผัƒ ๐šžnw๐š›๐šŠ๐š™๐š™in๐š? L๐šŽt ๐šžs kn๐š˜w in th๐šŽ c๐š˜ะผะผ๐šŽnts…