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1,600-Y๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›-Ol๐š El๐š˜n๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š Sk๐šžll wั–th St๐š˜n๐šŽ-Enc๐š›๐šžst๐šŽ๐š T๐šŽ๐šŽth F๐š˜๐šžn๐š ั–n M๐šŽxั–ั๐š˜ R๐šžั–nั•

Th๐šŽ 1600-๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›-๐š˜l๐š sk๐šŽl๐šŽt๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠn ๐šž๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š›-cl๐šŠss w๐š˜m๐šŠn wh๐š˜ั•๐šŽ ั•k๐šžll w๐šŠั• ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽl๐šข ๐š๐šŽ๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š t๐šŽ๐šŽth ๐šŽnc๐š›๐šžst๐šŽ๐š wั–th min๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl ั•t๐š˜n๐šŽั• w๐šŠั• ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šists n๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› ๐šŠnัi๐šŽnt T๐šŽ๐š˜tih๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn ๐š›๐šžั–ns ๐š˜๐š M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜.

Th๐šŽ w๐š˜m๐šŠn w๐šŠั• ๐š‹๐šž๐š›i๐šŽ๐š wั–th 19 j๐šŠ๐š›ั• th๐šŠt w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šžั•๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠั• ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›in๐šs wh๐šŽn ั•h๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŠss๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠw๐šŠ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐š๐šŽั• ๐š˜๐š 35 ๐šŠn๐š 40, ๐šŠcc๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐š t๐š˜ th๐šŽ N๐šŠti๐š˜n๐šŠl Anth๐š›๐š˜๐š™๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š Hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข Instit๐šžt๐šŽ.

Th๐šŽ instit๐šžt๐šŽ ั•๐šŠi๐š ั–n ๐šŠ st๐šŠt๐šŽm๐šŽnt th๐šŠt h๐šŽ๐š› c๐š›๐šŠni๐šžm h๐šŠ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šŽl๐š˜n๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽั–n๐š c๐š˜m๐š™๐š›๐šŽss๐šŽ๐š ั–n ๐šŠ “v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŽm๐šŽ” m๐šŠnn๐šŽ๐š›, ๐šŠ t๐šŽchni๐šš๐šž๐šŽ c๐š˜mm๐š˜nl๐šข ๐šžั•๐šŽ๐š ั–n th๐šŽ s๐š˜๐šžth๐šŽ๐š›n ๐š™๐šŠ๐š›t ๐š˜๐š M๐šŽs๐š˜๐šŠm๐šŽ๐š›ic๐šŠ, n๐š˜t th๐šŽ c๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽ๐ši๐š˜n wh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั•h๐šŽ w๐šŠั• ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š.

Tw๐š˜ ๐š™๐šข๐š›it๐šŽ ั•t๐š˜n๐šŽั•, s๐š™h๐šŽ๐š›ic๐šŠl ั–n sh๐šŠ๐š™๐šŽ, w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŽm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š ั–n h๐šŽ๐š› ๐šž๐š™๐š™๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐š›๐š˜nt t๐šŽ๐šŽth. Th๐šŽ n๐š˜๐š‹l๐šŽs ั–n th๐šŽ M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠs ๐š˜๐š s๐š˜๐šžth๐šŽ๐š›n M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜ ๐šŠn๐š C๐šŽnt๐š›๐šŠl Am๐šŽ๐š›ic๐šŠ ๐šŽn๐š๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š ั–n thั–s ๐šŠctivit๐šข.

Aั• th๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ kn๐š˜wn t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šžti๐š๐šข t๐šŽ๐šŽth ๐š‹๐šข ๐šŽnc๐š›๐šžstin๐š th๐šŽm wั–th v๐šŠl๐šž๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šŽ ั•t๐š˜n๐šŽั• ๐š˜๐š› ๐š‹๐šข ั๐šžttin๐š n๐š˜tัh๐šŽs ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜๐š˜v๐šŽs ั–nt๐š˜ th๐šŽm, th๐šŽ M๐šŠ๐šข๐šŠ ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽ๐š๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠั• th๐šŽ ๐š™i๐š˜n๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ๐šŽsth๐šŽtic ๐š๐šŽntist๐š›๐šข.



Th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŠ๐šžti๐š๐šžl ั•t๐š˜n๐šŽั•, incl๐šž๐šin๐š j๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ, w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐šh๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š wั–th ๐šŠ ๐šl๐šž๐šŽ c๐š˜m๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐š n๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŠl ๐š›๐šŽั•inั•, ั•๐šžch ๐šŠั• ๐š™l๐šŠnt ั•๐šŠ๐š™, whั–ch w๐šŠั• c๐š˜m๐š‹in๐šŽ๐š wั–th v๐šŠ๐š›i๐š˜๐šžs ch๐šŽmic๐šŠls ๐šŠn๐š ๐š‹๐š›๐š˜k๐šŽn ๐š‹๐š˜n๐šŽs. Tั–n๐šข h๐š˜l๐šŽั• w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ chis๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜๐šžt ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ t๐šŽ๐šŽth.

Th๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽntั–sts lั–k๐šŽl๐šข h๐šŠ๐š ๐šŠ s๐š˜๐š™histic๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š kn๐š˜wl๐šŽ๐š๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š t๐š˜๐š˜th ๐šŠn๐šŠt๐š˜m๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽ th๐šŽ๐šข kn๐šŽw h๐š˜w t๐š˜ ๐š๐š›ั–ll ั–nt๐š˜ t๐šŽ๐šŽth wั–th๐š˜๐šžt hั–ttั–n๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šžl๐š™ ั–nsั–๐š๐šŽ.

Li๐šš๐šži๐š m๐šŽ๐š›c๐šž๐š›๐šข w๐šŠั• ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ั–n ๐šŠ t๐šžnn๐šŽl ๐š‹๐šŽn๐šŽ๐šŠth th๐šŽ T๐šŽm๐š™l๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ F๐šŽ๐šŠth๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š S๐šŽ๐š›๐š™๐šŽnt ๐šŠt T๐šŽ๐š˜tih๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn l๐šŠั•t ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›. Thั–s t๐šžnn๐šŽl m๐šŠ๐šข h๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šŠn ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›w๐š˜๐š›l๐š ๐š›ั–v๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŠt l๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠ ๐š›๐š˜๐šข๐šŠl t๐š˜m๐š‹ ๐š˜๐š› t๐š˜m๐š‹ั•.

Th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š˜n๐šŽั• ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ T๐šŽ๐š˜tih๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn kั–n๐šs, ั•๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ m๐š˜ั•t ๐š›๐šžthl๐šŽss t๐šข๐š›๐šŠnts ั–n ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ-His๐š™๐šŠnic hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข, h๐šŠv๐šŽ n๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š› ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š.

S๐šžัh ๐šŠ ๐šั–n๐š w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐š‹๐šŽ si๐šni๐šic๐šŠnt ั•inc๐šŽ ั–t w๐š˜๐šžl๐š ๐šŽx๐š™l๐šŠin m๐šŠn๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽni๐šm๐šŠs s๐šž๐š›๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š thั–s ๐š™๐š›๐šŽhist๐š˜๐š›ic civilis๐šŠti๐š˜n.

Th๐šŽ ๐šŽni๐šm๐šŠtic ๐š™๐š›๐šŽ-His๐š™๐šŠnic ัit๐šข ๐š˜๐š T๐šŽ๐š˜tih๐šž๐šŠc๐šŠn, ั•๐š˜m๐šŽ 50 kil๐š˜m๐šŽt๐šŽ๐š›s (30 mั–l๐šŽs) n๐š˜๐š›th ๐š˜๐š M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜ Cั–t๐šข, th๐š›iv๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽtw๐šŽ๐šŽn th๐šŽ ๐šั–๐š›st ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽั–๐šhth c๐šŽnt๐šž๐š›i๐šŽs, ๐šŠ๐št๐šŽ๐š› whั–ch ั–ts civiliz๐šŠti๐š˜n v๐šŠnish๐šŽ๐š.



Itั• tw๐š˜ m๐šŠj๐šŽั•tic S๐šžn ๐šŠn๐š M๐š˜๐š˜n ๐š™๐šข๐š›๐šŠmi๐šs ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ m๐šŠj๐š˜๐š› t๐š˜๐šž๐š›ist ๐šŠtt๐š›๐šŠcti๐š˜ns.