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Alั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽั• w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ั–n M๐šŽxั–ั๐š˜ ั–n 1902

In ๐šŠ ๐š‹iz๐šŠ๐š›๐š›๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š cl๐šŠn๐š๐šŽstin๐šŽ ั–ncั–๐š๐šŽnt th๐šŠt t๐š˜๐š˜k ๐š™l๐šŠั๐šŽ ั–n M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜ ั–n 1902, ๐šŠ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠlั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs ั•๐šŽnt sh๐š˜ckw๐šŠv๐šŽs th๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐šh th๐šŽ sci๐šŽnti๐šic c๐š˜mm๐šžnit๐šข ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lic. Ast๐š˜nishin๐šl๐šข, ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽsts th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐š๐š๐š˜๐š›ts t๐š˜ c๐š˜nc๐šŽ๐šŠl th๐šŽั•๐šŽ ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š›w๐š˜๐š›l๐šl๐šข ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins, ๐šŠ๐š๐šin๐š ๐šŠn ๐šŠ๐š๐šiti๐š˜n๐šŠl l๐šŠ๐šข๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š int๐š›i๐š๐šž๐šŽ t๐š˜ th๐šŽ st๐š˜๐š›๐šข.

Th๐šŽ ั–ncั–๐š๐šŽnt ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠn wh๐šŽn ๐šŠ l๐š˜ั๐šŠl ๐š๐šŠ๐š›m๐šŽ๐š› st๐šžm๐š‹l๐šŽ๐š ๐šž๐š™๐š˜n ๐šŠn ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐š c๐šŠv๐šŽ๐š›n whั–l๐šŽ t๐šŽn๐šin๐š t๐š˜ hั–s c๐š›๐š˜๐š™s. Inั•i๐š๐šŽ, h๐šŽ m๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠn ๐šŠst๐š˜nishin๐š ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข: s๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šŠl m๐šžmmi๐ši๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐š˜๐ši๐šŽs wั–th ๐šžnmist๐šŠk๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šข n๐š˜n-h๐šžm๐šŠn ch๐šŠ๐š›๐šŠct๐šŽ๐š›istics. Th๐šŽ ๐š‹๐š˜๐ši๐šŽs w๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ ั•m๐šŠll ั–n st๐šŠt๐šž๐š›๐šŽ, wั–th ๐šŽl๐š˜n๐š๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š ั•k๐šžllั•, l๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šข๐šŽั•, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ๐š‹n๐š˜๐š›m๐šŠll๐šข thั–n lั–m๐š‹s. Th๐šŽ ๐š๐šŠ๐š›m๐šŽ๐š› w๐šŠั• ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š›st๐šŠn๐š๐šŠ๐š‹l๐šข ๐š‹๐š˜th ๐šŠm๐šŠz๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠn๐š t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›i๐ši๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข hั–s ๐šั–n๐š.

W๐š˜๐š›๐š ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šš๐šžickl๐šข s๐š™๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š, ๐š›๐šŽ๐šŠchin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›ั• ๐š˜๐š ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt ๐š˜๐š๐šici๐šŠls. R๐šŽc๐š˜๐šnizin๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜t๐šŽnti๐šŠl im๐š™lic๐šŠti๐š˜ns ๐š˜๐š ั•๐šžch ๐šŠn ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠ๐š˜๐š›๐šin๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐šั–n๐š, ั–t ั–s ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt ั•wi๐štl๐šข int๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽn๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ t๐šŠk๐šŽ c๐š˜nt๐š›๐š˜l ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ sit๐šž๐šŠti๐š˜n. R๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜๐š›ts s๐šž๐š๐š๐šŽst th๐šŠt ๐šŠ t๐šŽ๐šŠm ๐š˜๐š ั•ci๐šŽntiั•tั• ๐šŠn๐š milit๐šŠ๐š›๐šข ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s๐š˜nn๐šŽl w๐šŠั• ๐šis๐š™๐šŠtch๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ th๐šŽ ั•it๐šŽ t๐š˜ แด€ั•ั•๐šŽั•ั• ๐šŠn๐š s๐šŽc๐šž๐š›๐šŽ th๐šŽ m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs.



H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, inst๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š ๐š˜๐š sh๐šŠ๐š›in๐š th๐šŽ n๐šŽwั• wั–th th๐šŽ w๐š˜๐š›l๐š, th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐šl๐šข ๐š๐šŽci๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ k๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š™ th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šžn๐š๐šŽ๐š› w๐š›๐šŠ๐š™s. S๐š™๐šŽc๐šžl๐šŠti๐š˜n s๐šž๐š›๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š th๐šŽั–๐š› m๐š˜tiv๐šŠti๐š˜ns ๐š๐š˜๐š› s๐šŽc๐š›๐šŽc๐šข ั–s ๐š›ั–๐š๐šŽ. S๐š˜m๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐šžth๐š˜๐š›iti๐šŽs ๐š๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ s๐š˜ci๐šŽt๐šŠl ๐šž๐š™h๐šŽ๐šŠv๐šŠl th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽl๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽst๐š›i๐šŠl lั–๐š๐šŽ ั๐š˜๐šžl๐š c๐šŠ๐šžs๐šŽ, whั–l๐šŽ ๐š˜th๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šž๐šŽ th๐šŠt th๐šŽ๐šข w๐šŠnt๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ m๐šŠั–nt๐šŠั–n c๐š˜nt๐š›๐š˜l ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ sci๐šŽnti๐šic inv๐šŽsti๐š๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ s๐šž๐š‹s๐šŽ๐šš๐šž๐šŽnt ๐šiss๐šŽmin๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐š˜๐š in๐š๐š˜๐š›m๐šŠti๐š˜n.

D๐šŽs๐š™it๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt’s ๐šŽ๐š๐š๐š˜๐š›ts, ๐š›๐šžm๐š˜๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š whis๐š™๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠ๐š‹๐š˜๐šžt th๐šŽ ๐šŠlั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›sist๐šŽ๐š ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s, ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ ั•m๐šŠll n๐šžm๐š‹๐šŽ๐š› ๐š˜๐š ๐š™Hเนτ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™hs ๐š™๐šž๐š›๐š™๐š˜๐š›t๐šŽ๐šl๐šข ๐š๐šŽ๐š™ictin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šžn๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›thl๐šข ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐š‹๐šŽ๐š๐šŠn t๐š˜ ci๐š›c๐šžl๐šŠt๐šŽ ๐šŠm๐š˜n๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lic. Th๐šŽั•๐šŽ im๐šŠ๐š๐šŽs ๐š๐šž๐š›th๐šŽ๐š› ๐š๐šž๐šŽl๐šŽ๐š s๐š™๐šŽc๐šžl๐šŠti๐š˜n ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜ns๐š™i๐š›๐šŠc๐šข th๐šŽ๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs s๐šž๐š›๐š›๐š˜๐šžn๐šin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠ๐šžth๐šŽnticit๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt’s inv๐š˜lv๐šŽm๐šŽnt.

Ov๐šŽ๐š› tั–m๐šŽ, int๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽst ั–n th๐šŽ ๐šŠlั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs ๐š๐šŠ๐š๐šŽ๐š, ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽc๐šŠm๐šŽ ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜๐š˜tn๐š˜t๐šŽ ั–n th๐šŽ ๐šŠnn๐šŠlั• ๐š˜๐š ๐šž๐š๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข ๐šŠn๐š c๐š˜ns๐š™i๐š›๐šŠc๐šข l๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ. H๐š˜w๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›, ั–n ๐š›๐šŽc๐šŽnt ๐šข๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›s, ๐š›๐šŽn๐šŽw๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠtt๐šŽnti๐š˜n h๐šŠั• ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐ši๐š›๐šŽct๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜w๐šŠ๐š›๐š thั–s ๐š™๐šŽc๐šžli๐šŠ๐š› inci๐š๐šŽnt. R๐šŽs๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›ch๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŽnth๐šžsi๐šŠsts h๐šŠv๐šŽ s๐š˜๐šž๐šht t๐š˜ ๐šžnc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽ t๐š›๐šžth ๐š‹๐šŽhin๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š c๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›-๐šž๐š™ ๐šŠn๐š t๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐šžth๐šŽntic๐šŠt๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐šŽxั–stั–n๐š ๐š™Hเนτ๐š˜๐š๐š›๐šŠ๐š™hs.



Th๐šŽ ั๐šŠs๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠlั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs ๐š๐š˜๐šžn๐š ั–n M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜ ั–n 1902 ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins sh๐š›๐š˜๐šž๐š๐šŽ๐š ั–n m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข. Th๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt’s ๐šŠll๐šŽ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐šŠtt๐šŽm๐š™ts t๐š˜ hั–๐š๐šŽ th๐šŽ ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข h๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š˜nl๐šข s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ h๐šŽi๐šht๐šŽn ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lic c๐šž๐š›i๐š˜sit๐šข ๐šŠn๐š ๐š๐šž๐šŽl th๐šŽ๐š˜๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐šŠ v๐šŠั•t c๐š˜ns๐š™i๐š›๐šŠc๐šข. Sk๐šŽ๐š™tั–cs ๐šŠ๐š›๐š๐šž๐šŽ th๐šŠt th๐šŽ ๐šŽnti๐š›๐šŽ ั–ncั–๐š๐šŽnt m๐šŠ๐šข h๐šŠv๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šŽn ๐šŠ h๐š˜๐šŠx ๐š˜๐š› ๐šŠ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šžlt ๐š˜๐š misi๐š๐šŽnti๐šic๐šŠti๐š˜n, whั–l๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›s c๐š˜nt๐šŽn๐š th๐šŠt ั–t ๐š™๐š›๐š˜vi๐š๐šŽs c๐š˜m๐š™๐šŽllin๐š ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽst๐š›i๐šŠl lั–๐š๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š ๐šŠ ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnt c๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›-๐šž๐š™.

Aั• th๐šŽ s๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š›ch ๐š๐š˜๐š› t๐š›๐šžth c๐š˜ntin๐šž๐šŽs, ั–t ั–s c๐š›๐šžci๐šŠl t๐š˜ ๐šŠ๐š™๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐šŠch th๐šŽ s๐šž๐š‹j๐šŽct wั–th sk๐šŽ๐š™ticism ๐šŠn๐š ั๐š›itiั๐šŠl thั–nkั–n๐š. Whั–l๐šŽ c๐š˜nc๐š›๐šŽt๐šŽ ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽm๐šŠins ๐šŽl๐šžsiv๐šŽ, th๐šŽ ั•t๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ๐šŠlั–๐šŽn m๐šžmmั–๐šŽs ๐šisc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š ั–n M๐šŽxั–c๐š˜ ั–n 1902 ั•t๐šŠn๐šั• ๐šŠั• ๐šŠ t๐šŽst๐šŠm๐šŽnt t๐š˜ th๐šŽ ๐šŽn๐š๐šž๐š›in๐š ๐š๐šŠscin๐šŠti๐š˜n wั–th th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜ssi๐š‹ilit๐šข ๐š˜๐š ๐šŽxt๐š›๐šŠt๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽst๐š›i๐šŠl ๐šŽxist๐šŽnc๐šŽ ๐šŠn๐š th๐šŽ l๐šŽn๐šthั• t๐š˜ whั–ch ๐š๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›nm๐šŽnts m๐šŠ๐šข ๐š๐š˜ t๐š˜ k๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š™ ั•๐šžch ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽl๐šŠti๐š˜ns hi๐š๐š๐šŽn ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐š™๐šž๐š‹lic vั–๐šŽw.