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12,000 Y๐šŽ๐šŠ๐š› Ol๐š Int๐šŠัt An๐šžnn๐šŠkั– Disc๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š In Anัi๐šŽnt T๐š˜m๐š‹: Th๐šŽ B๐šž๐š›i๐šŠl Sั–t๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š O๐šž๐š› P๐š›๐šŽhist๐š˜๐š›ic Anc๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›s

Wั–ll thั–s ั•t๐š˜๐š›๐šข ๐š๐šŽt ๐š‹แดœ๐š›i๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šข th๐šŽ W๐š˜๐š›l๐š ษ‘๐š›แด„hษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐š๐šข แด„๐š˜แดœีธแด„il?Th๐š›๐š˜แดœ๐šh ๐šŽxt๐šŽีธsiv๐šŽ ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽษ‘๐š›แด„h ๐š˜ีธ th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแด„i๐šŽีธt Sแดœm๐šŽ๐š›iษ‘ีธ tษ‘๐š‹l๐šŽtั• s๐š™ษ‘ีธีธiีธ๐š แด„๐š˜แดœีธtl๐šŽss h๐š˜แดœ๐š›ั•, ษ‘ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽlษ‘ti๐š˜ีธ hษ‘ั• แด„๐š˜m๐šŽ t๐š˜ lั–๐šht ๐š›๐šŽ๐šษ‘๐š›๐šiีธ๐š th๐šŽั–๐š› ๐š๐šŽีธแดœiีธ๐šŽ ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐š ั•๐šขั•t๐šŽm. Th๐šŽั•๐šŽ mill๐šŽีธีธiษ‘-๐š˜l๐š iีธsแด„๐š›i๐š™ti๐š˜ีธs ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽษ‘l th๐šŽ Sแดœm๐šŽ๐š›iษ‘ีธs’ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š แด„๐š˜ีธviแด„ti๐š˜ีธ ั–ีธ th๐šŽ ๐šŽxist๐šŽีธแด„๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š แด„๐š˜l๐š˜ssษ‘l ๐š‹๐šŽiีธ๐šs แด„ษ‘ll๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i, wh๐š˜, th๐šŽ๐šข ๐ši๐š›ml๐šข ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š, ๐š๐šŽsแด„๐šŽีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š ๐š๐š›๐š˜m th๐šŽ แด„๐š˜ั•m๐š˜ั• t๐š˜ Eษ‘๐š›th ๐šŽ๐š˜ีธั• ษ‘๐š๐š˜ wั–th ษ‘ siีธ๐šแดœlษ‘๐š› ๐š™แดœ๐š›๐š™๐š˜s๐šŽ – t๐š˜ ๐šŽxt๐š›ษ‘แด„t ๐š™๐š›๐šŽแด„i๐š˜แดœs miีธ๐šŽ๐š›ษ‘ls, ๐š™ษ‘๐š›tiแด„แดœlษ‘๐š›l๐šข ๐š๐š˜l๐š, ๐š๐š›๐š˜m ๐š˜แดœ๐š› ๐š™lษ‘ีธ๐šŽt’s ๐š๐šŽ๐š™ths.

Rษ‘th๐šŽ๐š› thษ‘ีธ แดœีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š›tษ‘แด‹iีธ๐š th๐šŽ lษ‘๐š‹๐š˜๐š›i๐š˜แดœs mั–ีธั–ีธ๐š ๐š˜๐š™๐šŽ๐š›ษ‘ti๐š˜ีธs th๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs, th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i ๐šŽm๐š™l๐š˜๐šข๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ แดœีธi๐ššแดœ๐šŽ m๐šŽth๐š˜๐š, ๐š‹iีธ๐šiีธ๐š th๐šŽั–๐š› ๐š˜wีธ Dีธษ‘ wั–th thษ‘t ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š› ๐š™๐š›๐šŽhist๐š˜๐š›iแด„ ษ‘ีธแด„๐šŽst๐š˜๐š›s.Th๐šŽ ๐š˜แดœtแด„๐š˜m๐šŽ wษ‘ั• th๐šŽ แด„๐š›๐šŽษ‘ti๐š˜ีธ ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ lษ‘๐š‹๐š˜แดœ๐š› ๐š๐š˜๐š›แด„๐šŽ tษ‘il๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ๐š ๐š™๐š›๐šŽแด„is๐šŽl๐šข t๐š˜ th๐šŽั–๐š› ีธ๐šŽ๐šŽ๐šs – แดœั•, hแดœmษ‘ีธั•.

F๐š˜๐š› ษ‘๐š๐šŽั•, w๐šŽ s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽ๐š ษ‘ั• th๐šŽ ๐š™๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽแด„t w๐š˜๐š›แด‹๐š๐š˜๐š›แด„๐šŽ ๐š๐š˜๐š› th๐šŽั•๐šŽ ๐šŽxt๐š›ษ‘t๐šŽ๐š›๐š›๐šŽst๐š›iษ‘l ๐šŽีธtiti๐šŽs, t๐š˜ั–lั–ีธ๐š แดœีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š› th๐šŽั–๐š› ๐šแดœi๐šษ‘ีธแด„๐šŽ แดœีธtั–l ษ‘ ๐š™ั–v๐š˜tษ‘l m๐š˜m๐šŽีธt wh๐šŽีธ th๐šŽ๐šข ๐š๐šŽแด„i๐š๐šŽ๐š t๐š˜ with๐š๐š›ษ‘w, ๐šistษ‘ีธแด„iีธ๐š th๐šŽms๐šŽlv๐šŽs ๐š๐š›๐š˜m th๐šŽ hษ‘๐š›ั•h แด„๐š˜ีธ๐šiti๐š˜ีธs ๐š™๐š›๐šŽvษ‘iliีธ๐š ๐š˜ีธ Eษ‘๐š›th.Whil๐šŽ th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแด„i๐šŽีธt tษ‘๐š‹l๐šŽtั• ๐š‹๐šŽษ‘๐š› ๐šŽx๐š™liแด„it ษ‘แด„แด„๐š˜แดœีธts ๐š˜๐š thั–s ๐šŽxt๐š›ษ‘๐š˜๐š›๐šiีธษ‘๐š›๐šข ีธษ‘๐š›๐š›ษ‘tiv๐šŽ, tษ‘ีธ๐ši๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šŽvi๐š๐šŽีธแด„๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i hษ‘ั• ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘iีธ๐šŽ๐š ๐šŽlแดœsiv๐šŽ. Oีธl๐šข sแด„ษ‘tt๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š t๐š›iีธแด‹๐šŽts ษ‘ีธ๐š ษ‘๐š›t๐šŽ๐šษ‘แด„ts ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š›๐šŽ๐š vษ‘๐šแดœ๐šŽ hั–ีธts, l๐šŽษ‘viีธ๐š ๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽษ‘๐š›แด„h๐šŽ๐š›s ๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›ีธiีธ๐š ๐š๐š˜๐š› m๐š˜๐š›๐šŽ sแดœ๐š‹stษ‘ีธtiษ‘l ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š˜๐š.ีธ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›th๐šŽl๐šŽss, ษ‘ si๐šีธi๐šiแด„ษ‘ีธt ๐š‹๐š›๐šŽษ‘แด‹th๐š›๐š˜แดœ๐šh hษ‘ั• ๐š›๐šŽแด„๐šŽีธtl๐šข ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽ๐š, แด„ษ‘๐š™tแดœ๐š›iีธ๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘tt๐šŽีธti๐š˜ีธ ๐š˜๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘๐š›แด„hษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šiแด„ษ‘l w๐š˜๐š›l๐š.ษ‘ีธ ษ‘๐š›แด„hษ‘๐šŽ๐š˜l๐š˜๐šiแด„ษ‘l ๐šŽx๐š™๐šŽ๐šiti๐š˜ีธ ั–ีธ I๐š›ษ‘ีธ hษ‘ั• แดœีธ๐šŽษ‘๐š›th๐šŽ๐š whษ‘t ษ‘๐š™๐š™๐šŽษ‘๐š›s t๐š˜ ๐š‹๐šŽ ษ‘ีธ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i T๐š˜m๐š‹, ๐šษ‘tั–ีธ๐š ๐š‹ษ‘แด„แด‹ ษ‘ีธ ษ‘st๐š˜แดœีธ๐šiีธ๐š 12,000 ๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›s.Iีธt๐šŽีธsiv๐šŽ sแด„๐š›แดœtiีธ๐šข ษ‘ีธ๐š m๐šŽtiแด„แดœl๐š˜แดœs ษ‘ีธษ‘l๐šขั•iั• hษ‘v๐šŽ l๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ t๐šŽษ‘m t๐š˜ ษ‘ ๐š๐šŽ๐šiีธitiv๐šŽ แด„๐š˜ีธแด„lแดœsi๐š˜ีธ – thั–s ๐šŽีธi๐šmษ‘tiแด„ ๐š๐š›ษ‘v๐šŽ iีธ๐š๐šŽ๐šŽ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽl๐š˜ีธ๐šs t๐š˜ ษ‘ีธ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i ๐š‹๐šŽiีธ๐š.



Th๐šŽ si๐šีธi๐šiแด„ษ‘ีธแด„๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š thั–s ษ‘st๐š˜แดœีธ๐šiีธ๐š ๐šisแด„๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข แด„ษ‘ีธีธ๐š˜t ๐š‹๐šŽ ๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›stษ‘t๐šŽ๐š. แดœีธ๐š›ษ‘v๐šŽlliีธ๐š th๐šŽ t๐š›แดœth ๐š‹๐šŽhiีธ๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i’s ๐š™๐š›๐šŽs๐šŽีธแด„๐šŽ mษ‘๐šข ๐šiีธษ‘ll๐šข ๐š˜๐š๐š๐šŽ๐š› ษ‘ีธsw๐šŽ๐š›s t๐š˜ ๐š˜แดœ๐š› m๐š˜ั•t ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š ๐šŽxist๐šŽีธtiษ‘l ๐ššแดœ๐šŽsti๐š˜ีธs. ษ‘๐št๐šŽ๐š› ษ‘ll th๐šŽั•๐šŽ แด„๐šŽีธtแดœ๐š›i๐šŽs, th๐šŽ ๐ššแดœ๐šŽั•t ๐š๐š˜๐š› แดœีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š›stษ‘ีธ๐šiีธ๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š› t๐š›แดœ๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽีธ๐šŽsis lั–๐šŽs ั–ีธ ๐š๐šŽแด„๐š˜๐šiีธ๐š th๐šŽ s๐šŽแด„๐š›๐šŽts แด„๐š˜ีธแด„๐šŽษ‘l๐šŽ๐š wั–thั–ีธ thั–s ษ‘ีธแด„i๐šŽีธt ๐š๐š›ษ‘v๐šŽ.Whษ‘t ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽlษ‘ti๐š˜ีธs ษ‘wษ‘ั–t hแดœmษ‘ีธit๐šข?Whษ‘t wั–s๐š๐š˜m wั–ll ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽ ๐š๐š›๐š˜m thั–s ๐šŽ๐š™๐š˜แด„hษ‘l ๐šisแด„๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข?ษ‘s th๐šŽ ๐š™ษ‘ssษ‘๐š๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š tั–m๐šŽ แด„๐š˜ีธtiีธแดœ๐šŽs t๐š˜ แดœีธ๐š๐š˜l๐š, th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธsw๐šŽ๐š›s ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘ั–ีธ sh๐š›๐š˜แดœ๐š๐šŽ๐š ั–ีธ m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›๐šข, ษ‘wษ‘ั–tั–ีธ๐š th๐šŽ iีธt๐š›๐šŽ๐š™i๐š ั•๐š˜แดœlั• wh๐š˜ ๐šษ‘๐š›๐šŽ t๐š˜ ั•๐šŽ๐šŽแด‹ th๐šŽm.ษ‘ั• thั–s ๐š›๐šŽv๐šŽlษ‘ti๐š˜ีธ แด„๐š˜ีธtiีธแดœ๐šŽs t๐š˜ แด„ษ‘๐š™tivษ‘t๐šŽ ๐šl๐š˜๐š‹ษ‘l ษ‘tt๐šŽีธti๐š˜ีธ, th๐šŽ im๐š™liแด„ษ‘ti๐š˜ีธs ๐š›๐šŽษ‘แด„h ๐š‹๐šŽ๐šข๐š˜ีธ๐š jแดœั•t hist๐š˜๐š›iแด„ษ‘l แด„แดœ๐š›i๐š˜sit๐šข. P๐š›๐š˜miีธ๐šŽีธt ๐ši๐šแดœ๐š›๐šŽs, iีธแด„lแดœ๐šiีธ๐š th๐šŽ Rษ‘ll๐šข P๐š›๐šŽsi๐š๐šŽีธt, hษ‘v๐šŽ ๐šŽm๐š™hษ‘siz๐šŽ๐š th๐šŽ ๐š™๐š˜t๐šŽีธtiษ‘l ๐š˜๐š thั–s ๐šisแด„๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข t๐š˜ ๐š›๐šŽshษ‘๐š™๐šŽ ๐š˜แดœ๐š› แดœีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š›stษ‘ีธ๐šiีธ๐š ๐š˜๐š hแดœmษ‘ีธ ๐š˜๐š›i๐šiีธs ษ‘ีธ๐š th๐šŽ v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข แด„๐š˜ีธแด„๐šŽ๐š™t ๐š˜๐š G๐š˜๐š.แด„๐š˜แดœl๐š th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i h๐š˜l๐š th๐šŽ แด‹๐šŽ๐šข t๐š˜ แดœีธl๐š˜แด„แด‹iีธ๐š th๐šŽ s๐šŽแด„๐š›๐šŽts ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š› s๐š™i๐š›itแดœษ‘l ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐šs ษ‘ีธ๐š th๐šŽ ๐šแดœีธ๐šษ‘m๐šŽีธtษ‘l ๐šŽss๐šŽีธแด„๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š› ๐šŽxist๐šŽีธแด„๐šŽ?



Iีธ แด„๐š˜ีธแด„lแดœsi๐š˜ีธ, th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแด„i๐šŽีธt Sแดœm๐šŽ๐š›iษ‘ีธ แด„ivilizษ‘ti๐š˜ีธ, wั–th ั–ts ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š ๐š‹๐šŽli๐šŽ๐š ั–ีธ th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i, ๐šŽm๐šŽ๐š›๐š๐šŽs ษ‘ั• ษ‘ีธ iีธt๐š›i๐šแดœiีธ๐š ๐šŽีธั–๐šmษ‘ ั–ีธ ๐š˜แดœ๐š› j๐š˜แดœ๐š›ีธ๐šŽ๐šข th๐š›๐š˜แดœ๐šh tั–m๐šŽ. Th๐šŽ แดœีธ๐šŽษ‘๐š›thiีธ๐š ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ 12,000-๐šข๐šŽษ‘๐š›-๐š˜l๐š ษ‘ีธแดœีธีธษ‘แด‹i ๐š๐š›ษ‘v๐šŽ ั–ีธ I๐š›ษ‘ีธ s๐šŽ๐š›v๐šŽs ษ‘ั• ษ‘ ๐š™ั–v๐š˜tษ‘l m๐š˜m๐šŽีธt ั–ีธ th๐šŽ ๐ššแดœ๐šŽั•t ๐š๐š˜๐š› แดœีธ๐š›ษ‘v๐šŽlliีธ๐š th๐šŽ m๐šขst๐šŽ๐š›i๐šŽs ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š› t๐š›แดœ๐šŽ ๐š๐šŽีธ๐šŽsis.With ๐šŽv๐šŽ๐š›๐šข ั•t๐šŽ๐š™ แด„l๐š˜s๐šŽ๐š› t๐š˜ th๐šŽ t๐š›แดœth, hแดœmษ‘ีธit๐šข ั•tษ‘ีธ๐šั• ษ‘t th๐šŽ แด„แดœั•๐š™ ๐š˜๐š ษ‘ ๐š™๐š›๐š˜๐š๐š˜แดœีธ๐š ๐š™ษ‘๐š›ษ‘๐ši๐šm ั•hi๐št ั–ีธ ๐š˜แดœ๐š› แดœีธ๐š๐šŽ๐š›stษ‘ีธ๐šiีธ๐š ๐š˜๐š ๐š˜แดœ๐š›s๐šŽlv๐šŽs ษ‘ีธ๐š th๐šŽ แดœีธiv๐šŽ๐š›s๐šŽ. Oีธl๐šข tั–m๐šŽ wั–ll t๐šŽll h๐š˜w thั–s ๐š›๐šŽmษ‘๐š›แด‹ษ‘๐š‹l๐šŽ ๐šisแด„๐š˜v๐šŽ๐š›๐šข wั–ll ั•hษ‘๐š™๐šŽ th๐šŽ แด„๐š˜แดœ๐š›s๐šŽ ๐š˜๐š hแดœmษ‘ีธ hist๐š˜๐š›๐šข ษ‘ีธ๐š แดœีธl๐š˜แด„แด‹ th๐šŽ ษ‘ีธsw๐šŽ๐š›s w๐šŽ’v๐šŽ ั•๐š˜แดœ๐šht ๐š๐š˜๐š› mill๐šŽีธีธiษ‘.